Dominance Theory
The Myth of Dominance Theory in Dog Training
Many people have heard about the dominance theory, the idea that dogs need to be controlled through force to establish a clear "pack leader." However, this theory has been debunked!
What is Dominance Theory?
Dominance theory comes from studies on captive wolves in the mid 1900’s. These wolves would fight frequently, which researchers believed was for status. They thought the “alpha wolf” kept control through aggression and dominance. This theory was then applied to dogs, leading to the belief that humans must be the "alpha" in their household pack to maintain control.
Common dominance-based practices include:
Alpha rolls (forcing a dog onto their back)
Using physical corrections to control behavior
Withholding resources (food, toys, beds, etc.) to assert control
However, these ideas have been proven inaccurate and harmful.
Why Dominance Theory is a Myth
Flawed Research on Wolves
The original dominance theory was based on studies of unrelated wolves living in captivity. These wolves were forced into unnatural social situations, leading to conflict and aggression that they normally wouldn’t show.
We now know wolf packs are typically family groups led by parents, not by an aggressive alpha. Wolves cooperate and share responsibilities!
Dogs Are Not Wolves
While dogs share a common ancestor with wolves, they are not the same as wolves.
Dogs have adapted to live alongside humans and form bonds based on cooperation, not dominance.
We have selectively bred dogs to want to live and work with us! We do not need to force them.
The Risks of Using Dominance Theory-Based Training
Dominance-based training methods, such as alpha rolls or physical corrections, can have serious negative consequences, including:
Increased fear and anxiety: Dogs may become fearful of their owner, or develop broad fear.
Aggression: Punishment-based methods can increase aggression, especially if a dog feels threatened.
Damage to the human-dog bond: Trust and cooperation are key to a healthy relationship. Using force damages that trust.
What Science Tells Us About Dog Training
Modern, science-based training methods focus on positive reinforcement rather than force. Positive reinforcement means rewarding your dog for behaviors you want to see, which makes them more likely to repeat those behaviors.
Benefits of Positive Reinforcement:
Builds trust and strengthens your bond with your dog
Encourages dogs to learn willingly and happily
Reduces fear and anxiety
Creates long-lasting behavior changes
How to Build a Positive Relationship with Your Dog
Be Consistent: Dogs thrive when they understand what’s expected of them.
Reward Good Behavior: Use treats, toys, and praise to reinforce behaviors you want to see more of.
Use Management: Set your dog’s environment up so that they are less likely to do the unwanted behavior (for example, using a baby gate to block access to the kitchen)
Be Patient and Kind: Training takes time. Avoid punishment and focus on building trust.
Understand Your Dog’s Needs: Exercise, mental stimulation, and social interaction are essential for a well-behaved dog.
Resources:
Dominance Position Statement- AVSAB
Dominance Debunked- Training Positive
Debunking the "Alpha Dog" Theory- Pat Miller, Whole Dog Journal